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\ssemihidden footnote text;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid3167158\rsid6438642\rsid10047048}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6612;}{\info {\title Structures of authority in weblogs : a research agenda}{\author Malcolm Lowry}{\operator Anne Bartlett-Bragg}{\creatim\yr2005\mo5\dy11\hr16\min30}{\revtim\yr2005\mo5\dy11\hr16\min30}{\printim\yr2005\mo4\dy29\hr22\min40}{\version2}{\edmins0} {\nofpages25}{\nofwords8410}{\nofchars47937}{\*\company Volcano Inc.}{\nofcharsws56235}{\vern16389}}\margl1134\margr1134\margt1417\margb1417 \widowctrl\enddoc\aenddoc\hyphhotz425\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1134\dgvorigin1417\dghshow0\dgvshow0 \jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\rsidroot3167158 \fet1\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s27\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs28\insrsid6438642 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \cs28\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6438642 25}}}{\cs28\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \s27\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid6438642 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f37\fs32\cf1\insrsid6438642 Weblogs and Authority \par }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Mathieu O\rquote Neil \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "mailto:mathieu.oneil@anu.edu.au" }{\f37\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000017000000190000006d006100740068006900650075002e006f006e00650069006c00400061006e0075002e006500640075002e00610075000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b400000006d00610069006c0074006f003a006d00610074006800690065007500 2e006f006e00650069006c00400061006e0075002e006500640075002e006100750000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 mathieu.oneil@anu.edu.au}}}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://underthesun.anu.edu.au/weblogs/underthesun/" }{\f37\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003300000068007400740070003a002f002f0075006e00640065007200740068006500730075006e002e0061006e0075002e006500640075002e00610075002f007700650062006c006f00670073002f0075006e00640065007200740068006500730075006e00 2f000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f0075006e00640065007200740068006500730075006e002e0061006e0075002e006500640075002e00610075002f007700650062006c006f00670073002f0075006e00640065007200740068006500730075006e002f00000000 00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://underthesun.anu.edu.au/weblogs/underthesun/}}}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par \par Centre for New Media Arts \par The Australian National University \par Canberra, ACT 0200 \par Australia \par \par \par }{\b\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Abstract \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri386\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin386\lin0\itap0 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 The promise of the mass use of the internet was that it would create a participatory political culture, where \lquote netizens\rquote practised many kinds of liberating grassroots activities. Indeed, the Internet is often described as a horizontal and open structure which resists any kind of hierarchica l organisation: a network, goes the argument, is by definition devoid of a centre, and hence of a central authority. This vision of the Internet and of blogspace as anarchic or heterarchic systems fails to account for a basic fact: if social networks have migrated online, it is logical to assume that the processes of differentiation, hierarchisation and control which, by all accounts, structure offline human interactions, have also done so. \par In this paper, I analyse authoritative statements and actions in blogspace. According to the social network analytical model, power and authority on networks derive from centrality or \lquote prominence\rquote , the density of ties to other more or less centrally located individuals. }{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Sites such as Technorati make success statistically measurable, by identifying the most authoritative blogs (those that are most linked to}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 ). Social network researchers assert that the apparently highly unequal distribution of links on the web and in blogspace constitutes a \lquote power law\rquote distribution model: d eterministic network forces are said to favour early entrants on the blog market; linking patterns are portrayed as inherently conservative, constraining new entrants and leading to the reinforcement of authoritative actors. The \lquote power law\rquote takes on the immutable qualities of natural phenomena which cannot be questioned. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 These analyses, which focus on network morphology and mechanisms, suffer from an }{ \f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 inadequate conceptualization of human agency and culture}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 , as well as from a tendency to consider online netw orks as isolated from offline social structures. What processes of differentiation and exclusion structure the social dynamics of blogspace? The antagonism between issue-based blogs and personal journals (epitomized by LiveJournal) reveals oppositions as to how authority is produced and reproduced, as well as diverging conceptions of virtual space. The relatively open space of issue-blogs is based on \lquote quality\rquote , where authoritative statements form the basis of the bartering of prestigious links, and of mainstream media recognition. The relatively closed space of LiveJournal is based on \lquote intimacy\rquote , where authoritative actions (such as the inclusions and inclusions of other users into journals) constitute the subtext of many conversations. Could the scorn poure d on LiveJournal by issue-bloggers be attributed to gender (LiveJournal is predominantly peopled by females whilst the influential political blog subgroup \endash for example \endash is predominantly male)}{ \f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 ? Another explanation would relate to the relationship of actors to authority. }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Blogging signifies the extension of networking and linking, but also that of controlling and excluding; however the second part of the equation is not usually acknowledged in issue-based blogspace. LiveJournal reveals what lies behind blogging\rquote s \lquote participatory\rquote and \lquote democratic\rquote rhetoric, and must, accordingly, be ostracized. \par \par }{\b\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par \page Structures of Authority in Blogspace: Power Laws and the Bashing of LiveJournal. \par \par 1. The internet and politics, blogs and authority \par 2. Mapping centrality on the internet \par 3. The blog economy: the rich get richer \par 4. Linkslutting, A-listers, new entrants \par 5. The mainstream media\rquote s wounded authority \par 6. Spectres haunting the network \par 7. The structural meaning of LiveJournal-bashing \par \par \par 1. The internet and politics, blogs and authority \par }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Human interactions are increasingly occurring in virtual communities facilitated by email and the world wide web (www). The original promise of the mass use of the internet was that it would promote a participatory political culture, where \lquote netizens\rquote practised all sorts of grassroots activities. Democratisation of access to the web, went the argument, would promote equality in the dissemination and reception of information. Since then, a Babel has emerged , where it sometimes seems as if everyone talks, and no-one listens. Commentators confused }{\i\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 retrievability}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 (any page online can be accessed by any computer) and }{\i\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 visibility}{ \f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 (what pages actors are actually likely to encounter): retrievability is absolute; vis ibility, relative. Consequently, setting up an independent political website has been compared to hosting a public access TV show at 3.30 in the morning. The situation could be characterized as one of wealth of information and poverty of attention (Hindma n 2004: 34). It even looked as if far from challenging dominant hierarchies, the net was going to have the opposite effect, that of reinforcing mass media hegemony, as only global media conglomerates were equipped with the resources to produce visually app ealing new content on a regular basis. Until the arrival of weblogs, that is. \par \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 Blogs (chronologically updated personal websites) are the only sites which have bypassed mass media hierarchies \endash expressing directly and informally their authors\rquote thoughts \endash an d, thanks to their simplification of heretofore complex web design tools, enabled the production of reasonably attractive layouts, and attract measurably large audiences. }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 The arrival of these \lquote pirate radio stations\rquote of the Web was heralded in 1999 on Slashdot, the popular technology-related information and discussion website, as }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'93}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 a new, personal, and determinedly non-hostile evolution of the electric community. They are also the freshest example of how people use the Net to make their own, radically different new media}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'94 (Katz). Law professor Lawrence Lessig also focused on the democratic quality of weblogs when describing Howard Dean\rquote s campaign in the Democratic Primaries in 2003 as the first example of \lquote open-source politics\rquote : Dean\rquote s campaign blogs, wrote Lessig, were \'93a tool for building community (\'85) the trick is to turn the audience into the speaker\'85 }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 None of this works unless the blog community is authentic. And that requires that members feel they own their gabbing space}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 .\'94 \par \par Taking a different approach, Internet theorist Geert Lovink (2005) states in a recent disquisition: \'93}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Networks disintegrate traditional forms of representation. This is what makes the question \lquote Did blogs affect the 2004 US-election?\rquote so irrelevant}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 . }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 The blogosphere, at best, influenced a handful of TV and newspaper editors}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'94 (22)}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 . }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Lovink seems to be challenging the currently orthodoxic view of blogs as politically effective communication tools, and in particular, as inherently democratic. However, he continues: \'93}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 I}{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 nstead of spreading the word, the Net has questioned authority \endash any authority\'94 (22). Indeed, the Internet is often described as a horizontal and open structure which resists any kind of hierarchical organisation: a network, goes the argument, is by defini tion devoid of a centre, and hence of a central authority. This vision of the Internet and of blogspace as anarchic or heterarchic systems fails to account for a basic fact: if social networks have migrated online, is it not logical to assume that the pro cesses of differentiation, hierarchisation and control which, by all accounts, structure offline human interactions, have also done so? \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 }{\b\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 A hierarchical structure depend on the existence of a person in a position of authority, whose legitimacy to exercise power is accepted by others. }{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 It follows that authority is never egalitarian: an authority is always a superior of some kind, to be obeyed, followed, consulted, attended to, deferred to, or conformed to (Watt 1982: 7). In a communication network such as blo gspace, authority is based on the excellence of the information being exchanged. }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Bloggers constantly refer to the opinions of others, in order to approve or challenge them. Political blogs, for example, consider it important to properly attribute sources, to r}{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 ely on sources which are described as authoritative, and to use the network to verify sources. This }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \lquote learned\rquote authority, contrarily to the military kind for example, is non-official. An a}{ \f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 uthoritative pronouncement may give us good reasons for believing that what has been said is true, but it can never make it true, in the way that a decision in law may make something legal: }{ \f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'93}{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 it is only personal excellence, and not the holding of any institutional office, that makes someone an authority on his (sic) subj ect, to call him an authority is to say that he knows it well or does it well}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'94}{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 (Watt 1982: 46). \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }{\b\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 2. Mapping centrality on the internet \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 What theoretical framework can best help us understand the impact of networked communication and organization on the p roduction and reproduction of authority? The virtues of the structural (or network) analytical model when analysing web interactions have been extolled by numerous researchers (see Freeman 1984, Garton et al. 1997, Wellman 2001, Monge and Contractor 2003, Park and Thelwall 2003). Network analysis holds that the structure of relations among actors and the location of actors on networks have important behavioral, perceptual and attitudinal consequences both for the individual units and for the system as a wh o le. Human behavior is understood in terms of structural constraints on activity and opportunities for gaining advantage, rather than assuming that inner forces (such as internalized norms) impel actors towards goals. An important issue is how networks all ocate flows of scarce resources to system members (see Knoke and Kuklinski 1982, Wellman 1988, Wasserman and Faust 1994). \par \par }\pard\plain \s23\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f38\fs24\lang1036\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Although the idea of using a methodology based on the metaphor of a network to examine a communication medium based on the metaphor of a web seems to be so obvious that it threatens to be \lquote trivial\rquote (Jackson 1997), it is clear that structural analysis offers key concepts and methodologies for the study of online networks. Moreover, structural analysis\rquote reliance on quantitative measures ha s proven especially suited to the collection and analysis of internet data, which is readily available. Data mining, the use of automated procedures to discover information from large quantities of data, has enabled analysts to track the spread of informa tion. A hyperlink from page }{\i\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 i}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 to page }{\i\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 j}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 can have many interpretations: Kleinberg (1999) refers to hyperlinks as conferrers of authority or endorsements, Davenport and Cronin (2000) argue that hyperlinks reflect trust, and for Hern\'e1ndez-Borges et al. (1999) hyperlinks can indicate quality. Social relationships between bloggers are explicitly stated in the form of hypertext links (Marlow 2004: 2): blogrolls (lists of links to blogs selected by the blogger), permalinks (links to items in other blogs within a p ost), and trackback (records of web addresses of sites that have linked to a blog) offer rich pickings for data miners. \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9072\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 A key concept for structural analysis is the notion of }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 network centrality. Power and authority on networks is said to derive from centrality or \lquote prominence\rquote , the density of ties to other more or less centrally located individuals. Freeman (1979) distinguished several }{ \f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 measurements of network centrality, and Park and Thelwall (1997) have shown how Freeman\rquote s approach could be applied to hyperlink analysis: \lquote indegree centrality\rquote is calculated based on the number of hyperlinks a Web site receives, while \lquote outdegree centrality\rquote is determined with the number of hyperlinks originating from a site. \lquote Closeness centrality\rquote indi cates which Web site has the shortest path to all others in the group. \lquote Betweenness centrality\rquote refers to the frequency with which a Web site falls between pairs of other sites in the group and \'93 represents the potential for control of communication, as a broker or a gatekeeper\'94. How can we evaluate centrality in blogspace? \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }{\b\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 3. The blog economy: the rich get richer \par }\pard\plain \s23\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f38\fs24\lang1036\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6438642 \par }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 The principal measure of value on the blog field resides in being linked to, and linking to, other blogs. Posts commenting on posts are key for ms of information exchange in the blog economy. In addition, when linking to an interesting source of information found on another blog, a blogger is expected to credit the latter in any post she writes (Drezner and Farrell 2004: 8). Hyperlinks, the basic currency of the blogosphere, thus represent a \'93form of social acknowledgement on the part of authors\'94 (Marlow 2004: 1). They signify authority and popularity (expressing bloggers\rquote public affiliation) and influence (when bloggers quote each others\rquote writing). }{\f37\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6438642 Refusing to link to someone \endash breaking what Salam Pax, the \lquote Bagdhad Blogger\rquote , referred to as the chain of \'93lynkylove\'94 (1) \endash is therefore the most negative blogging action, as stated by one blogger: \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li709\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin709\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 I took a pass on Michelle Malkin when her book first came out because I honestly didn\rquote t want to contaminate this site with anything as vile and hateful. Her book (which I will neither name or link to) suggests that interning the Japanese during WWII was a good idea and should be applied to Arabs and other \lquote darkies\rquote now... ***ANOTHER UPDATE: I hate myself for linking this, but Malkin blogs about her appearance. (}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Cohen 2004)}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 The seemingly infinite multiplication of voices on the web makes it impossible for any one reader to have experienced all, or even most, of the blogs in existence, making quality an unsatisfactory or impractical measure. Mortensen and Walker (2002) contend that popularity, on the other hand, is easily quantifiable if it is interpreted as the number of other weblogs linking to a particular bl og. Sites such as Blogdex, }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 TheTruthLaidBear, Sitemeter}{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 and Technorati make success statistically measurable, by identifying the most popular blogs, that is, those that are most linked to. For example }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Technorati presents \'93}{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 the most authoritative blogs, ranked by the number of sources that link to each blog}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'94 (Technorati 2005). Blog counting sites such as these are not without their problems. For example, Sitemeter only tracks those who use its traffic meter and cannot differentiate unique visitors. As for Techn orati and TheTruthLaidBear, their link-reliant counts are affected by the relative freshness of links and can be manipulated by inventive bloggers (Adamic and Glance 2005: 6). \par \par Following the lead of physicists such as (2002), many researchers have noted t hat there appears to exist a severe imbalance in the distribution of web and blog linking patterns (see Huberman 2002, Hindman et al. 2003, Shirky 2003, Drezner and Farrell 2004). They characterize cyberspace as a \lquote scale-free network\rquote in which some hubs (highly linked nodes) have a seemingly unlimited number of links, and no node is typical of the others. This inequitable distribution of links is said to follow a \lquote power law\rquote distribution model, that is, one where there is a finite probability of finding sites extremely large compared to the average. Shirky\rquote s (2003: 2) analysis of}{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 433 blogs in the Blogosphere Ecosystem found a }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 power law distribution}{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 where 3 % of the top blogs accounted for 20 % of the incoming links. As on the web, the }{ \f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 distribution of inbound links in blogspace pushes users towards small numbers of hyper-successful sites. \par \par This is because the number of websites (as of blogs) has been growing exponentially since the start of the web: as a result, there are many more relatively small young sites than relatively large older ones (Huberman 2002: 5). Thanks to the growing nature of real networks, older nodes have had greater opportunities to acquire links ( and Bonabeau 2003: 54); moreover, historical links contribute to gross link number. The link ing decisions of actors is also said to contribute to the skewed distribution of links. As is the case on the web, bloggers know of the most connected sites because they are easier to find. By linking to these hubs in blogspace, originally known as the \lquote A-List\rquote , people exercise and reinforce a bias towards them, a process and Bonabeau (2003) dub \lquote preferential attachment\rquote , meaning that the rich tend to get richer (54). In this scenario, linking patterns are an inherently conservative force, leading to the reinforcement of authority. As Shirky (2003) observes, \'93 diversity plus freedom of choice creates inequality, and the greater the diversity, the more the inequality\'94 (1). \par \par \par }{\b\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 4. Linkslutting, A-listers, new entrants \par }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par The \lquote A-Listers\rquote are blogspace\rquote s authorities. This }{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 number one cluster in the field comprises early practitioners, software producers, bloggers who show persistence. Members of the \lquote A-List\rquote , like other celebrities, may be the subjects of adulation. A blogger known as ninety-four (2004) q ualifies a link to another blog thus: \'93}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.caterina.net/"}{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300610074006500720069006e0061002e006e00650074002f00000000001e00000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 caterina.net}}}{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 - she knows powacek (sic)! i\rquote m so jealous.\'94}{\cs20\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \s19\qj \li0\ri252\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin252\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs20\super\insrsid6438642 \chftn }{\insrsid6438642 }{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Derek Powazek has been working for the last ten years as a \'93web designer, print designer, writer about technology, writer of stories, photographer\'94 (Powazek, 2004); since 1997, he has published several books and created the websites Fray, City Stories, SF Stories, DFC and Kvetch!}}}{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Not all links are equal. Marlow (2 004) distinguishes inclusions in blogrolls, which signify a static endorsement, from permalinks which indicate that a thought transmission is in process between two bloggers. This is why certain earlier \lquote A-List\rquote blogs place well in blogrolls but not permalinks: their names are recognized, paid homage to, but they are not writing influential or topical content. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par \lquote A-List\rquote blogs are distinguished because of their early presence in the field, not quality. As a result, the \lquote A-List\rquote may appear static and unchang eable; a certain degree of homeostasis is necessarily involved (Shirky 2003: 5). How can new entrants overcome these constraints? }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Being the first to comment on a \lquote hot\rquote topic may confer status (Adamic et al. 2004). But the more common solution for new entrants will perversely reinforce the very situation they are attempting to overcome. }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 When adding themselves to the network, announcing their existence to the blogosphere, new entrants are highly likely to create links to well-established bloggers (Drezner\~}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 and Farrell 2004: 10}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 ). Indeed, they are encouraged to do so. O}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 nline \lquote how-to\rquote columnists such as Pollard (2003), when offering advice on setting up a blog, assert that the best way to generate traffic is to be noticed, and linked to, by an \lquote A-Lister\rquote . Similarly Rebecca Mead (2000), author of a ground-breaking }{ \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 New Yorker}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 article, \'93You\rquote ve Got Blog\'94, wrote that being linked to original A-Listers Jason Kottke or Megnut}{ \cs20\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri252\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin252\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs20\fs20\super\insrsid6438642 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid6438642 }{\fs20\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Meg Hourihan was a co-founder of Pyra, the company which created the Blogger software, and whic h was later bought by Google. She announced in September 2004 that she was embarking on a new career as a chef. What follows is another blogger\rquote s reaction to this news: \'93 Meg Hourihan quits the geek life. Which removes competition from my plans to rule the geek world, so - y\rquote know - I should be happy. But she will be very much missed. Good luck, lovely lady...\'94 (Coates, 2004). \par \par }{\fs20\insrsid6438642 \par }}}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 was \'93like having a book on Oprah\'94 (82). Blogger Donohoe amplified this point: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s21\ql \li720\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin720\itap0 \f37\fs24\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6438642 The belief in an A-List totally influences bloggin g practices. Webloggers link to other weblogs in hopes that the target site will see them in their referrer logs and come visit them, and link back to them, and that tends to be successful. Both groups of people (the collective term is \lquote linkwhores \rquote ) look at their logs so frickin\rquote often that it\rquote s the first thing they talk about socially. \par }\pard \s21\ql \fi720\li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s23\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f38\fs24\lang1036\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 The practice of seeking to be linked to, \lquote linkslutting\rquote , though generally viewed negatively (as illustrated by the previous quote), has also been defined by Walker (2002) as a logical practice, a \'93consensual exchange of favours\'94 (79). Deliberations about whether to link to another blog are rarely expressed in the blogosphere; an exception is Den Beste (2002), who recounts how he was asked to link to another blog, and replie d that it was impossible to link to everyone. The decision as to whether to reciprocate a link will depend on several factors: the other blog\rquote s discursive and aesthetic quality, network centrality (measured by inbound links) and outbound link structure, which is determined by the identity of the blogroll\rquote s inhabitants as well\~ as by quantitative factors. A clear indicator of popularity is the number of comments responding to posts, but there are also unspoken rules of blogging such as keeping one\rquote s blogroll short; neverending blogrolls irretrievably devalue the currency of the listed blogs. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin720\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Blogspace\rquote s authority structure\~ rests on the mediating function of authoritative focal point blogs, which allow\~ less authoritative authors of interesting blog-posts to find readers (Drezner }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 and Farrell 2004: 13}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 ). When authors of new political blogs formulate an interesting point, they will post it on their on blog, and also contact a larger blog to publicize it. For the authoritative blogger, this is more cost -effective than scouring the net for interesting nuggets of information. Authoritative blogs embody a self-enforcing equilibrium where readers look for new content, and average bloggers peddle their information. Drezner }{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 and Farrell}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 (2004) observe that its }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'93}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 networked structure (\'85 ) allows interesting arguments to make their way to the top of the blogosphere}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'94 (13).}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 As a result, in the United States, the top political bloggers\rquote authority as purveyors of valuable information is comforted by their }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 interaction with the national mainstream media.}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par \par }{\b\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 5. The mainstream media\rquote s wounded authority \par }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Against what Castells (1997) describes as the one-way communication, the \'93extension of mass production, of industrial logic into the world of signs\'94 (370) which characterises the mass media, personal media such as print zines and online weblogs offer the promise of a participatory culture (O\rquote Neil 2005). The infamous reporting of the mainstream media during the invasion of Irak, when reporters were \lquote embedded\rquote within army units, symbolises for many bloggers the mainstream\rquote s lack of independence in relation to state power. Well-known bloggers such as Rebecca Blood (2002) sterotypically assert that not only are blogs reclaiming the means of communication from corporations, but that \'93 each kind of weblog empowers individuals on many levels\'94. The transformation of the consumer of media into a creator of media carries the promise of rejecting alienation. This also corresponds to the strategy of a newcomer in a cultural field, whose heretical subversion attempts to partially revolutionise the field by claiming to be returning to the origins, the essence, the truth of the game, against the trivialisation and degradation into which it has since drifted (Bourdieu 1 9 84: 145). In the United States, for example, political bloggers sometimes contest the authority of the dominant players in the media field in the name of its original values, taking as their model the shamelessly opinionated Partisan Press of the late eig hteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Partisan Press editors were clearly identified as either \lquote Republican\rquote or \lquote Federalist\rquote , and did not hesitate to viciously slander their adversaries; moreover, it was customary for newspapers to intersperse news and opinions, often within the same article. \par \par At the same time, }{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 blogs are engaged in a complex relationship with the mainstream media. In the United States, mainstream journalists have been paying increasing attention to the \lquote blogosphere \rquote : a Lexis Nexis search of mainstream news sources conducted by Drezner and Farrell (2004: 5) found that }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 eleven articles mentioned \lquote weblogs\rquote between 1995 and 1999, 56 in 2000, 128 in 2001, 272 in 2002, and 647 in 2003. Moreover, when a consensus opinion is perceived to emerge on po litically-oriented blogs, this in turn affects mainstream journalists, who use blogs as a source for opinion as well as the identification and framing of breaking news. Since, according to the \lquote power law\rquote distribution model, }{ \f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 an }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 overwhelming fraction of traffic and links clusters around dominant nodes, journalists who focus on these blogs will obtain the general state of opinion in the political \lquote blogosphere\rquote . The top five or ten blogs function as a kind of summary statistic for journalists. Drezner }{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 and Farrell (2004) }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 buttress this assertion with a survey of leading journalists\rquote use of blogspace (18). }{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Conversely, political bloggers in the United States seek to influence mainstream news content. In the course of the \lquote blogger wars\rquote in the United States, in whic h opposing bloggers supported Republican or Democratic presidential candidates, the greatest prize was seeing a story which had originated on a blog migrating to a mainstream news organisation. The so-called \lquote Rathergate\rquote controversy began when the authenticity of documents critical of George W. Bush\rquote s National Guard service was questioned by a conservative blogger named \lquote Buckhead\rquote on the }{\i\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Free Republic }{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 site. This post was linked to by another blog, }{\i\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Power Line}{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 , which was itself picked up by Matt Drudge, and given an audience of millions on his }{\i\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Drudge Report}{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . A day after they were broadcast on CBS, ABC disputed the credibility of the accusations. An unexpected result of the scandal was that (right-) \lquote wingers\rquote or \lquote freepers\rquote \endash terms used by Democrat-leaning blogg ers to disparage }{\i\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Free Republic}{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 -type bloggers \endash proudly started calling themselves \lquote pyjamahadeen\rquote , after a CBS executive declared that bloggers work in their living-room wearing pyjamas (Devine 2004: 16). \par }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par The rise of political bloggers in the US presidential election generated a number of negative reactions on the part of mainstream journalists. The earliest took the form of }{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 amused condescension; the mass media coverage of bloggers reporting on the Democratic National Convention is a case in point (see Faler 2004; Johnson 2004). A more nuanced critique has since emerged, centered around a c}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 hallenge to the moral authority of blogs to speak in lieu of the mainstream. Trust is the cornerstone of credibility, goes this line of reasoning. And transparency is a r easonable starting point for any discussion of trust (Mitchell and Steele 2005: 2). This implies that bloggers and journalists share a common aspiration, credibility with their audience. However the authority of bloggers is derived as much, if not more, f rom the idiosyncracy and honesty of self-expression, than from the observation of ethical journalistic standards. Mainstream media\rquote s dogged affirmation of such core principles as fairness, accuracy and thoroughness; and its braying of the journalist\rquote s code of serving \lquote citizens and democracy\rquote by reporting meaningful information about civic affairs and holding government officials accountable, is naturally blind to the well-documented impact on mainstream editorial choices of such factors as corporate culture, ownership and conglomeration issues, susceptibility to advertisers\rquote perception of what constitutes appropriate media content, and the attendant rise in \'93infotainment\'94 (see Schiller 1989, Andersen 1995, Bagdikian 1997, Herman and McChesney 1997, McChesney 1997). \par \par \par }{\b\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 6. Spectres haunting the network \par }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par This, then, is the current state of research on authority relations in blogspace: a textbook illustration of social network theory, where nodes attempt to maximise their centrality and authority by judiciously lin king to heavily-trafficked hubs. What is missing from these analyses, which focus on network morphology and mechanisms or on explicitly political campaigns and messages on the Internet, is the question of how networking affects social hierarchies, which, though present in social fields, are not necessarily explicitly defined as such. In other words, there is in much social network theory in general, and internet and blog analysis in particular, an }{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 inadequate conceptualization of human agency and culture}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 , as well as a tendency to consider online networks as isolated from offline social structures. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Emirbayer and Goodwin (1994) have proposed a comprehensive critique of network analysis' structuralist determinism, which in their view "neglects altogether the potential causal role of actors' beliefs, values, and normative commitments" (1425).}{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Structuralist determinism}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 represents a reification of social relations, \'93transforming the important }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 theoretical}{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 distinction between a structure of social relations, on the one hand, and cultural formations, on the other, into an }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 ontological}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 dualism\'94 (1427). The reliance on graph theory results in static \'93map configurations\'94 or relational \'93snapshots\'94 of network patterns. Another variant of network analysis \endash structuralist instrumentalism \endash accepts the role of social actors in history, but conceptualizes their activity in narrowly utility-maximising and instrumental forms. Actors are portrayed as \'93utility maximizers who pursue their material interests in money, status and power in precisely the way predicted by theorists of rational choice\'94 (1428). \par \par How do authority structures in blogspace reflect social hierarchies? Castells (1996) reminds us that not only is access to computer-mediated communication socially restrictive, but that \'93 presence or absence in networks and the dynamics of each network vis-\'e0-vis others are critical sources of domination and change in our society\'94 (500). The reliance on mechanistic explanations such as power laws is not innocent; in fact, such analytical framework mystify a social process by constantly invoking what Bourdieu (1979) calls the \'93natural\'94 authority of scientific reason (451). Attributing networked and blogged authority to purely deterministic factors, removed from human agency, serves to ju stify the existing dominant social structure and to discourage in advance any efforts to modify it. It is revealing that Shirky (2003) refers, among other examples, to neoclassical economist Vilfredo Pareto\rquote s notion that 20% of the population holds 80% of the resources as an example of a \lquote power law\rquote distribution (2). The implication can only be: what good would it do to act against such an all-pervasive occurence? None, obviously, as the \lquote power law\rquote takes on the immutable qualities of natural phenomena. This framework also removes the need to ask questions such as who is speaking, what is being said, and, who is being excluded? \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Authority is a form of violence; even learned authority. The power of definition and communication implies the power of exclusion and stigmatization. In the cultural sphere, the authoritative actor, exerting symbolic violence, decides what is most \lquote interesting\rquote . Bourdieu reminds us that those who feel authorized to speak out, those who master discourses and symbols, are often those who feel authorized to act politically, to lead (483). }{ \f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Plato\~(qtd. in Watt 54) had already declared that those who know should also be those who decide and command, linking learned to political authority. }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Following Bourdieu \rquote s example, Emirbayer and Goodwin ( 1994) write that one of most important dimensions of social conflicts are struggles over their cultural and symbolic definition, when certain actors and actions are said to embody purity and sacrality while others embody impurity and pollution (1441). I}{ \f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 n cultural fields, }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 t}{\f37\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 he primary struggle over value concerns the definition of the stakes, that is to say, of the definition of the field\rquote s products: what constitutes a blog?}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 According to Bourdieu\rquote s famous formulation, most people seek to \'93distinguish\'94 their cultural consumption and production from that which they perceive to be \'93common\'94 , through often hidden processes of exclusion of outsiders and inclusion of insiders (1979: 17). In blogspace, how is symbolic violence exercised, and cultural authority affirmed, in the name of good taste? \par \par \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\cf1\insrsid6438642 7. The structural meaning of LiveJournal-bashing \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Most blogs are built along the same lines: a central column for the posts, and one or two narrower sidebars featuring links and lists. Despite their relatively uniform appearance, differentiation processes are intense in the blog field. The struggles around the definition of the field\rquote s products oppose two main types of blogs: those which explore a specific issue such as technology, literature, pop culture, politics, etc., and mine the web for interesting content; and those which present a description of their author\rquote s life. Struggles over definitions reflect a hierarchy, from the most basic to the more complex blogging software. For example, it appears that \lquote A-Lister\rquote Rebecca Blood (2002) was not convinced that the introduction of the Blogger software represented a wholly positive development: \'93Blogger makes it so easy to type in a thought or reaction t hat many people are disinclined to hunt up a link and compose some text around it\'94 . This differentiating discourse is particularly virulent when issue-based blogtalk turns to LiveJournal. LiveJournal is a free blogging software program which offers many fe atures to users. LiveJournalers can enter a full user profile comprising: lists of links to other users they like (\lquote friends\rquote ); lists of discussion forums (\lquote communities\rquote ) to which they belong, which are based on location and interests; lists of topics they are interested (which in turn lead to other communities and individual users sharing the same interest). A friends\rquote page can aggregate all their friends\rquote latest posts together. Users can also specify who is allowed to access their entire blog, or individua l posts. Finally, LiveJournalers sometimes rely on a series of readymade fields which indicate, either via emoticons or a limited set of choices, the current mood of the blogger, the music they are listening to, and so forth. LiveJournal has since spawned a host of imitators, of which the most memorable is the darkly gothic DeadJournal, as well as GreatestJournal and Xanga. \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 The absence of any significant linkage pattern from issue-based blogs towards LiveJournal could lead us to assume that we are in the presence of a network \lquote structural hole\rquote . Burt (1992) defined structural holes as \'93 the gaps between nonredundant contacts\'94 (19) which offer opportunities for actors on networks to gain advantage.When people accumulate social resources, or social capital, the y invest them in social opportunities from which they expect to profit. Network holes are those places where people are unconnected in a network, and where \'93people can invest their social capital\'94 (Monge and Contractor 2003: 143). In fact, the gaps between issue-blogs and LiveJournal are black holes, offering no gain, but, on the contrary, guaranteeing terminal contamination for the issue-blogger who would dare to cross the divide. This opposition: between Movable Type / WordPress and LiveJournal / DeadJou rnal, between the topical and the personal, between \lquote quality\rquote and \lquote shit\rquote , constitutes the structural linchpin of blogspace. Distinctive processes in the print \lquote zine\rquote review economy, though strong, did not appear to be as exclusionary as those at work in the blogspace (see O\rquote Neil, 2005). Though technically only a link away, there is a much greater symbolic segregation between online software suites and their attendant content orientations. This observation might tempt us to formulate a law of personal express ion and personal media: the more technology integrates, the more authoritative taste separates? \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 Why do issue-bloggers express such vindictiveness toward LiveJournal? After all, the LiveJournal software follows an open source licence: should this not endea r it to the more technically-minded issue-blogger? Is it because of the regular use of pre-set templates by LiveJournalers, generating a limited range of aesthetic choices? Or because many LiveJournal users remain enclosed within their own virtual gated c ommunity? }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 On Slashdot, the news that sophisticated Movable Type blogging software maker Six Apart was planning to purchase LiveJournal led to a wide-ranging discussion, which generated the following comment: \'93 (\'85) I mean seriously, LJ has got to be the most hideously unusable website since }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://sf.net/"}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b1e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00730066002e006e00650074002f000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Sourceforge}}}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 [sf.net] - are there any usability guidelines it }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 doesn't}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 violate?\'94 (Sanity 2005). }{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 For netizens in general and issue-bloggers in particular LiveJournal-bashing is a doxa, a belief th at is assumed to be self-evidently correct and therefore impossible to question. It might be more fruitful to tackle the question from the point of view of the stigmatized. }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 To the query }{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 \'93}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Has LiveJournal changed your life in any ways?}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'94}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 , one LiveJournal user offered the following response: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s26\ql \li709\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin709\itap0 \f37\fs24\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1033 { \insrsid6438642 I like to think that I have become more open and more honest in my writing. During the first months of having my LJ, I simply posted about my days - what I did, who I saw, what we said, and the like. My LJ friends commented upon how journalistic my writing seemed, and slowly, I became confortable enough with this website in order to loosen up and become more honest. (M_bibliophile 2005) \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx86\tx260\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Using the term \'93journalist\'94 (in the sense of one who writes for a news organisation) negatively contradicts many issue-based or political bloggers\rquote stated intention of writing \lquote quality\rquote material. Even discussions on such serious LiveJournal communities as Blog_Sociology are characterized by informality and frequent sill iness. On LiveJournal, the interaction is what matters. The experience of friendship is equally (or more) important than the content being discussed. This sometimes translates into LiveJournal being decribed as a more \lquote female\rquote environment than\~more \lquote aggressive\rquote formats such as political blogs or warblogs. A discussion on a Blogger-created blog about the positive aspects of the Blogger community and its perceived threat by commercial exploitation turned to a comparison with LiveJournal, generating the follow ing comments\~: \'93I'm not too familiar with LiveJournal-- the only blogs I've seen on there seem to be authored by 12-year old girls with a taste for anime\'94 (Meg 2005). This was quickly followed by: \'93 Livejournal has a well-earned reputation for being a place to whine and have others sympathetically whine with you\'94 (Andrew 2005). The previously mentioned Slashdot discussion (see Sanity 2005) repeatedly featured the by-now familiar phrase \'93 12-year old girls\'94 in relation to LiveJournal. Is gender, then, the root of the cultural antagonism that structures blogspace? The }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 patriarchal basis of authority asserting itself over the network? There is undoubtedly a danger of falling into stereotypical representations here. It is true, nonetheless, that LiveJournal is more heavily populated by females than males, as shown in LiveJournal\rquote s own statistical breakdown (2005): on }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 23 april 2004, there were 2,077,136\~ male users on LiveJournal (32.7%) and 4,265,766 female users (67.3%). Thee were also 2,000,621\~unspecified userst; the\~majority of users were aged between 14 and 21. (LiveJournal Statistics 2005) \par }\pard \ql \fi-260\li260\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx86\tx260\faauto\rin333\lin260\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 How do LiveJournalers perceive their devalued status on the Internet? How do they transcend the contemptuous value judgments of issue-bloggers as well as the aesthetic limitations of their chosen platform of expression to affirm the distinctive value of t heir personal media production activity? These questions, in the end, miss the point: the question of value, taste, and distinction is no longer relevant in a universe where there are no critical outsiders, only consensually selected \lquote friends \rquote who offer intimate comment about one\rquote s daily life. Paradoxically, it is precisely this casual disregard for the norms of the wider blogosphere which has enabled LiveJournalers to attain the centre of the blogging process. }{ \f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 After reading another user\rquote s response to a survey question on }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 LiveJournal }{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Blog_Sociology, Jimproper (2005) posted the following comment\~:}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'93}{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Hey you have a very interesting life and personality, I enjoyed reading your LJ and thus added you as a friend}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'94}{\f37\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 . Such is the narcissistic payoff for LiveJournalers: the vindication that one\rquote s investment in online communication has received the maximum return, an inbound link and a \lquote friend\rquote . The blatantly public nature of this }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 expression of pleasure hints at the cause for the cultural antagonism structuring the field of blogs. \par \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 This brings us back to authority. Blogs refer to authoritative sources; they also exercise authority. By enabling anyone to add comments and links, blogs dramatically extend the participatory process. But this means, as well, that they are rife with issues of comments administration. }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Since comments can easily be spammed or abused, they need to be constantly monitored. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 This is the power of disciplining and policing, where the authoritative actor decides what is criminal on a network, or what is is acceptable. }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Comment abusers are known as \lquote trolls\rquote . Just as on e-mail lists, online forums and so on, the term serves as a form of discipline. Being labelled a \lquote troll\rquote generates a fear of contagion in others, and may result in automatic exclusion from further communication. }{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par What is clear is that in the LiveJournal environment, issues pertaining to blog management are not, as in the rest of blogspace, somehow perceived as inferior to learned authoritative pronouncements, but, instead, brought to the forefr ont. On issue-blogs, linking choices and conflicts are ostensibly about substantive issues. LiveJournal linking choices and conflicts have no further referent than the LiveJournal environment itself. Indeed, exercising authority over blog management forms the main subtext of many LiveJournal discussions. }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Similarly, bluntly asking someone to be a friend\~ is unproblematic on LiveJournal. There may be some etiquette to be respected, but the basic thrust is acceptable. On an issue-blog, such potentially face-los ing business is always conducted by email, rather than publicly posted. LiveJournalers are upfront about exercising the authority\~to ban: they may, for example, restrict access to their journal or to particular posts to certain \lquote friends\rquote ; or prohibit specific individuals from posting comments. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Members of the LiveJournal Blog_Sociology community (2005) were asked to comment on the issue of excluding others from commenting in their blogs, under the heading \'93W}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 hat the fuck? that's a stupid thing to say, you're banned}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'94}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 . Following is a selection of responses\~: \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li709\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin709\itap0 {\b\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 mimi_sardinia}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 (2005-04-09 06:48) Same thing here, I have a couple of people banned on my journal because I was tired of them arguing with me in my own journal. If they want to argue they can do it on a comm unity like the one I encountered them through. (\'85) }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\b\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.livejournal.com/users/river2sea72/"}{\b\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f00750073006500720073002f0072006900760065007200320073006500 6100370032002f0000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\b\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 river2sea72}}}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 (2005-04-09 03:37) I just banned someone for commenting in a post I made public before I had a chance to make it friends only. It was n't an obnoxious comment, it was just useless. After all, it's my journal, and I don't really want random people commenting in there unless I am likely to friend them or if they are writing there with regard to something I posted/commented in a community. }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\b\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.livejournal.com/users/_glamazon/"}{\b\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f00750073006500720073002f005f0067006c0061006d0061007a006f00 6e002f0000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\b\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 glamazon}}}{\b\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 (2005-04-09 13:45) I did something similar. I banned someone recently for commenting about a post I disabled comments on in my next entry. I was like "WTF?! do you think maybe I disabled co mments on that for a reason, you fucking annoying fucker?" I think that's just fucking rude and crossing the line. This person was an annoying know-it-all anyway.}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par Some LiveJournal users even create ban lists so that others may adopt their dislikes and bla cklist others, for various reasons. The point is not, of course, that the justification given for this behaviour is more or less personal, or interesting, or valid, or childish. The point, rather, is that all the incarnations of blogging \endash as pastimes, as software suites, as a series of social networks \endash embody, to various degrees, the production and reproduction of signs of influence and authority; this is mostly unacknowledged, with the exception of LiveJournal. \par \par A}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 uthority has not been dissolved by the internet and the blogosphere. It has been, in its administrative and executive incarnations, devolved to each individual master of his or her own domain, who confers authority to others by linking to them or, in the LiveJournal environment, \lquote friending\rquote them; who wields freedom of speech as she sees fit, arbitrarily naming those who disagree \lquote trolls\rquote . It could be argued that LiveJournal represents a semi-private sphere, a safe space of enclosure which came about as a means of resisting a male-dominated socia l environment: the open issue-blog link economy, based on point-scoring and demolishing an opponent\rquote s opinion, in the name of learned authority. Within the semi-private LiveJournal sphere, issues of authority and control are not only practised, but evaluat ed and commented on in a group setting. This explains why the LiveJournal community is treated with such scorn by other bloggers. Blogging signifies the extension of networking and linking, but also that of controlling and excluding; however the second pa rt of the equation is not usually acknowledged in male-dominated blogspace. LiveJournal reveals what lies behind blogging\rquote s \lquote participatory\rquote and \lquote democratic\rquote rhetoric, and must, accordingly, be ostracized. \par }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par (1) Derek Powazek has been working for the last ten years as a \'93web designer, print designer, writer about technology, writer of stories, photographer\'94 (Powazek, 2004); since 1997, he has published several books and created the websites Fray, City Stories, SF Stories, DFC and Kvetch! \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri252\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin252\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 (2) }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Meg Hourihan was a co-founder of Pyra, the company which created the Blogger software, and which was later bought by Google. She announced in September 2004 that she was embarking on a new career as a chef. What follows is another blogger\rquote s reaction to this news: \'93Meg Hourihan quits the geek life. Which removes competition from my plans to rule the geek world, so - y\rquote know - I should be happy. But she will be very much missed. Good luck, lovely lady...\'94 (Coates, 2004). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\keepn\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin333\lin0\itap0 \b\f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 References \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb10\sa10\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f34\fs24\cf1\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f37\insrsid6438642 Adamic, Lada and Natalie Glance. \'93}{ \f37\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6438642 The Political Blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. Election: Divided They Blog.\'94 }{\f37\insrsid6438642 Mimeograph. Accessed 15 Apr. 2005 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\f37\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/idl/papers/politicalblogs/" }{\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00680070006c002e00680070002e0063006f006d002f00720065007300650061007200630068002f00690064006c002f007000610070006500720073002f0070006f006c006900740069006300 61006c0062006c006f00670073002f000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00680070006c002e00680070002e0063006f006d002f00720065007300650061007200630068002f00690064006c002f007000610070006500720073002f0070006f006c 00690074006900630061006c0062006c006f00670073002f00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\f37\insrsid6438642 http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/idl/papers/politicalblogs/}}}{\f37\insrsid6438642 >. \par }{\fs19\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s23\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f38\fs24\lang1036\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Adamic, Lada A. with Eytan Adar, Rajan M. Lukose, Li Zhang. \'93 Implicit Structure and the Dynamics of Blogspace.\'94 Workshop on the Weblogging Ecosystem, WWW Conference, 18 May, 2004. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Accessed }{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 15 Apr. 2005 . \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 Andersen, Robin. }{\i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 Consumer Culture and TV Programming}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 . Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Andrew. \'93Comment.\'94 }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Knock-off Brand Root Beer Can}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 , 6 Mar. 2005. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Accessed }{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 15 Apr. 2005}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx86\tx260\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 http://web.pdx.edu/~ajudd/2005/03/not-new-but-im-pointing-it-out-anyway.html}{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 >.}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Bagdikian, Ben. }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 The Media Monopoly}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 . Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1997. \par \par Barab\'e0si, Albert-Laszlo. }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 . New York: Plume, 2002. \par }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Barab\'e0si, Albert-Laszlo and Eric Bonabeau. \'93Scale-Free Networks.\'94 }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 Scientific American}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 , May 2003: 50-59. \par }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Burt, Ronald S. }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 Structural Holes. The Social Structure of Competition}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 . Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1992. \par \par }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 Bourdieu, Pierre. }{\i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 La Distinction. Critique sociale du jugement}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 . Paris: Les Editions de minuit, 1979. \par \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-340\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin-340\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 - - - }{ \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Questions de sociologie}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . Paris: Les Editions de minuit, 1984. \par }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Blood, Rebecca. \'93 Weblogs: a history and perspective.\'94 }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Rebecca\rquote s Pocket}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . 2002. Accessed 20 Apr. 2005 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst { \cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html#content" }{\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000001f0000003f00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00720065006200650063006300610062006c006f006f0064002e006e00650074002f006500730073006100790073002f007700650062006c006f0067005f0068006900730074006f0072007900 2e00680074006d006c00230063006f006e00740065006e0074000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00720065006200650063006300610062006c006f006f0064002e006e00650074002f006500730073006100790073002f007700650062006c006f 0067005f0068006900730074006f00720079002e00680074006d006c0000000800000063006f006e00740065006e00740000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html#content}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 Castells, Manuel. }{\i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 The rise of the network society. The information age: Economy, society and culture}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 }{\i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 Vol. I}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 . London: Blackwell, 1996. \par \par Castells, Manuel. }{\i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 The Power of identity. The information age: Economy, society and culture}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 }{\i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 Vol. II}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 . London: Blackwell, 1997. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par Coates, Tom (2004) \'93Meg Hourihan quits the geek life\'94. }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 dev.upian.com}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . 14 Sept. 2004. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Accessed }{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 29 Oct. 2004 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://dev.upian.com/hotlinks/archives/2004/?f=20&n=3" }{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003600000068007400740070003a002f002f006400650076002e0075007000690061006e002e0063006f006d002f0068006f0074006c0069006e006b0073002f00610072006300680069007600650073002f0032003000300034002f003f0066003d0032003000 26006e003d0033000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f006400650076002e0075007000690061006e002e0063006f006d002f0068006f0074006c0069006e006b0073002f00610072006300680069007600650073002f0032003000300034002f003f0066003d00320030 0026006e003d0033000000000000000000f00000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 http://dev.upian.com/hotlinks/archives/2004/?f=20&n=3}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK5}>}{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK5} \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Cohen, Matt. \'93Michelle Malkin: STFU!\'94 }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 1115.org}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 , 20 Aug. 2004. Accessed 29 Oct. 2004 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.111 5.org/archives/2004_08.html" }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0031003100310035002e006f00720067002f00610072006300680069007600650073002f0032003000300034005f00300038002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004b a90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0031003100310035002e006f00720067002f00610072006300680069007600650073002f0032003000300034005f00300038002e00680074006d006c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 http://www.1115.org/archives/2004_08.html}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . \par }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Davenport, E. & Cronin, Blaise. (2000). \'93The citation network as a prototype for representing trust in virtual environments\'94. }{\i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 The web of knowledge: a festschrift in honor of Eugene Garfield}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 . Eds. B. Cronin and H.B. Atkins. Metford, NJ: Information Today: 517-34. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Den Beste, Steven. \'93Lots of traffic.\'94 }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 USS Clueless}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 , 3 Mar. 2002. Accessed 20 Apr. 2005 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 http://denbeste.nu/cd_log_entries/2002/04/Lotsoftraffic.shtml}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-340\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-340\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par Devine, Miranda. \'93Beware bloggers in pyjamas \endash humiliation for a CBS Goliath is a victory for the net\rquote s Davids\'94. }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Sydney Morning Herald}{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 , 22 Sept. 2004: 16. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par Donohoe, Jessica. }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 a-list question}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . Email to the author. 14 October 2004. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par Drezner, Daniel W. and Henry Farrell. \'93The power and politics of blogs\'94, American Political Science Association, 2 Sept. 2004. Accessed 15 Mar. 2005 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 http://www.danieldrezner.com/research.html}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >.}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Jeff Goodwin. \'93Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency\'94. }{\i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 American Journal of Sociology}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 99.6 (1994): 1411-54. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Faler, Brian. \'93Parties to allow bloggers to cover conventions for first time.\'94 }{ \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 The Washington Post}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 , 6 Jul. 2004: A04. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par Freeman, Linton. }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \'93}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \'94.}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Social Networks}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 1 (1979): 215-39. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 ---. The impact of computer based communication on the social structure of an emerging scientific specialty. }{ \i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Social Networks}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 6 (1984), 201\endash 221. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Garton, Laura, and Caroline Haythornthwaite, Barry Wellman. \'93 Studying Online Social Networks.\'94 }{\i\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Journal of Computer-mediated Communication}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 3.1 (1997). Accessed 20 Apr. 2005 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 .}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par \par Gill, Kathy E.. \'93How can we measure the influence of the blogosphere?\'94 WWW Conference, 17-22 May 2004, New York. Accessed 18 Mar. 2005 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 http://faculty.washington.edu/kegill/pub/www2004_blogosphere_gill.pdf}{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 >. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 Herman, Edward and Robert McChesney. }{ \i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 The Global Media: The Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 . London: Cassell Academic, 1997. \par \par Hindman, Matthew, Kostas Tsioutsiouliklis, and Judy A. Johnson: \'93\lquote \lquote Googlearchy\rquote : How a Few Heavily-Linked Sites Dominate Politics on the Web.\'94 Mimeograph, Princeton University. Accessed 10 Feb. 2005 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <} {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.princeton.edu/~mhindman/dissertation.htm" }{\fs24\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007000720069006e006300650074006f006e002e006500640075002f007e006d00680069006e0064006d0061006e002f0064006900730073006500720074006100740069006f006e002e006800 74006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007000720069006e006300650074006f006e002e006500640075002f007e006d00680069006e0064006d0061006e002f0064006900730073006500720074006100740069006f006e002e00680074006d 000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://www.princeton.edu/~mhindman/dissertation.htm}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 . \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Huberman, Bernardo A. \'93Scale Free Networks: Structure, Dynamics and Search.\'94 Mimeograph, 2002. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Accessed 20 Mar. 2005 }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Jackson, Mich ele H. Assessing the structure of communication on the world wide web. }{\i\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}{\f37\cf1\insrsid6438642 , 3.1 (1997). Accessed 23 Apr. 2005 \par . \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Jimproper. \'93}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Post to Blog_Sociology.\'94}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 29 Mar. 2005. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Accessed 23 Apr. 2005}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.livejournal.com/community/blog_sociology/153830.html" }{\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000004000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f0063006f006d006d0075006e006900740079002f0062006c006f0067005f0073006f00630069006f006c006f00 670079002f003100350033003800330030002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f0063006f006d006d0075006e006900740079002f0062006c 006f0067005f0073006f00630069006f006c006f00670079002f003100350033003800330030002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://www.livejournal.com/community/blog_sociology/153830.html}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Johnson, Peter. \'93Bloggers to join the mainstream at conventions\'94. }{ \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 USA Today}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 14 Jul. 2004: 5D. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Katz, Jon. \'93}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Here Come The Weblogs.\'94 }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 Slashdot}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 . 24 May }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 1999. Accessed 18 Mar. 2005 <} {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://slashdot.org/features/99/05/13/1832251.shtml" }{\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003400000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006c0061007300680064006f0074002e006f00720067002f00660065006100740075007200650073002f00390039002f00300035002f00310033002f0031003800330032003200350031002e00730068007400 6d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006c0061007300680064006f0074002e006f00720067002f00660065006100740075007200650073002f00390039002f00300035002f00310033002f0031003800330032003200350031002e007300680074006d006c 0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://slashdot.org/features/99/05/13/1832251.shtml}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 Kleinberg, J. \'93 Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked world,\'94 }{\i\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 Journal of the ACM}{\fs24\cf1\insrsid6438642 , 46.5 (1999): 604-642 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Knoke, David and James H. Kuklinski. }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Network Analysis}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 . Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982.}{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 \par \par }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Kumar, Ravi, Jasmine Novak, Prabhakar Raghavan, Andrew Tomkins. \'93On the Bursty Evolution of Blogspace.\'94 }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 WWW 2003}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 , 20\endash 24 May, 2003, Budapest, Hungary. \par \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Lessig, Lawrence. \'93The New Road to the White House. How grassroots blogs are transforming presidential politics.\'94 }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 Wired}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 11.11, Nov. 2003. Accessed 10 Mar 2005 <} {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.11/view.html?pg=5" }{\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00770069007200650064002e0063006f006d002f00770069007200650064002f0061007200630068006900760065002f00310031002e00310031002f0076006900650077002e00680074006d00 6c003f00700067003d0035000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00770069007200650064002e0063006f006d002f00770069007200650064002f0061007200630068006900760065002f00310031002e00310031002f0076006900650077002e0068 0074006d006c003f00700067003d00350000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.11/view.html?pg=5}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >. \par \par LiveJournal Blog_Sociology Community. \'93}{\cf1\lang9\langfe1033\langnp9\insrsid6438642 What the fuck? that's a stupid thing to say, you're banned,\'94}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 8 Apr. 2005. Accessed 19 Apr. 2005 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst { \cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.livejournal.com/community/blog_sociology/157161.html" }{\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000004000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f0063006f006d006d0075006e006900740079002f0062006c006f0067005f0073006f00630069006f006c006f00 670079002f003100350037003100360031002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f0063006f006d006d0075006e006900740079002f0062006c 006f0067005f0073006f00630069006f006c006f00670079002f003100350037003100360031002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://www.livejournal.com/community/blog_sociology/157161.html}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri1325\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin1325\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 LiveJournal. \'93Statistics.\'94 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Accessed 19 Apr. 2005 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.livejournal.com/stats.bml" }{\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002500000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f00730074006100740073002e0062006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400 740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f00730074006100740073002e0062006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://www.livejournal.com/stats.bml}}}{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 >. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par Lovink, Geert. "The Principles of Notworking". Inaugural speech, Hogeschool van Amsterda{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}m, 2005. Accessed 15 April 2005 <{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.networkcultures.org/"}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006500740077006f0072006b00630075006c00740075007200650073002e006f00720067002f0000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 http://www.networkcultures.org/}}}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 >. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri1325\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin1325\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par m_bibliophile. \'93Post to Blog_Sociology.\'94 31 Mar. 2005. Accessed 19 Apr. 2005 \par <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.livejournal.com/community/blog_sociology/153830.html" }{\cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000004000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f0063006f006d006d0075006e006900740079002f0062006c006f0067005f0073006f00630069006f006c006f00 670079002f003100350033003800330030002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c006900760065006a006f00750072006e0061006c002e0063006f006d002f0063006f006d006d0075006e006900740079002f0062006c 006f0067005f0073006f00630069006f006c006f00670079002f003100350033003800330030002e00680074006d006c00000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://www.livejournal.com/community/blog_sociology/153830.html}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 > \par \par }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Marlow, Cameron. \'93Audience, structure and authority in the weblog community.\'94 }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.icahdq.org/events/conference/2004/conf2004.asp"}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006900630061006800640071002e006f00720067002f006500760065006e00740073002f0063006f006e0066006500720065006e00630065002f003200 3000300034002f0063006f006e00660032003000300034002e0061007300700000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 International Communication Association Conference}}}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 , May 2004, New Orleans, LA. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Accessed 19 Apr. 2005 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://web.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.html" }{ \cf1\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003500000068007400740070003a002f002f007700650062002e006d0065006400690061002e006d00690074002e006500640075002f007e00630061006d00650072006f006e002f00630076002f0070007500620073002f00300034002d00300031002e006800 74006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700650062002e006d0065006400690061002e006d00690074002e006500640075002f007e00630061006d00650072006f006e002f00630076002f0070007500620073002f00300034002d00300031002e00680074 006d006c0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\insrsid6438642 http://web.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.html}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 McChesney, Robert. }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 .\~ New York: Seven Stories Press, 1997. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri1325\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin1325\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 Meg. \'93Comment.\'94 Knock-off Brand Root Beer Can, 5 Mar. 2005. Accessed 19 Apr. 2005 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx86\tx260\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 http://web.pdx.edu/~ajudd/2005/03/not-new-but-im-pointing-it-out-anyway.html}{ \cf1\insrsid6438642 >.}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \s21\ql \li0\ri252\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin252\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1033 {\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6438642 \par Mitchell, Bill and Bob Steele.\~\'93Earn Your Own Trust, Roll Your Own Ethics: Transparency and Beyond.\'94 Blogging, Journalism and Credibility: Battleground and Common Ground Conference, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, 15 Jan. 2005. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Mead, Rebecca. \'93You\rquote ve Got Blog. How to Put your Business, your Boyfriend, and your Life Online \'94. }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 The New Yorker}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 , 13 November 2000: 78-84. \par \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Monge Peter R., and Noshir Contractor. }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 Theories of Communication Networks}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. \par \par }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Mortensen, Torill and Jill Walker. \'93Blogging Thoughts: Personal Publication as an Online Research Tool\'94. }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Researching ICTs in context}{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . Ed. Andrew Morrison. Oslo: InterMedia Report, 2002. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 ninety-four. \'93Links.\'94 }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 ninety-four.com}{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . Accessed 29 October 2004 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.ninety-four.com/blog/links.html" }{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002b00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e0069006e006500740079002d0066006f00750072002e0063006f006d002f0062006c006f0067002f006c0069006e006b0073002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa 004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e0069006e006500740079002d0066006f00750072002e0063006f006d002f0062006c006f0067002f006c0069006e006b0073002e00680074006d006c000000000000001a4f000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 http://www.ninety-four.com/blog/links.html}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 O\rquote Neil, Mathieu. \'93Exclusion and inclusion in personal media networks.\'94 }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Mobile Boundaries/Rigid Worlds: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of the CRSI 2004}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 . Eds. Michael Fine, Nicholas Smith and Amanda Wise. Sydney: Centre for Research on Social Inclusion, 2005. Accessed 4 May 2005 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Park, Han Woo and Mike Thelwall. \'93 Hyperlink Analyses of the World Wide Web: A Review\'94, }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 8.4, Jul. 2003. Accessed 10 April 2005 \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue4/park.html#abstract" }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000001f0000003a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006100730063007500730063002e006f00720067002f006a0063006d0063002f0076006f006c0038002f006900730073007500650034002f007000610072006b002e00680074006d006c002300 610062007300740072006100630074000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006100730063007500730063002e006f00720067002f006a0063006d0063002f0076006f006c0038002f006900730073007500650034002f007000610072006b002e0068 0074006d006c000000090000006100620073007400720061006300740000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue4/park.html#abstract}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 .}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par Pax, Salam. }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 The Baghdad blog}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . London, Atlantic Books, 2003. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Pollard, Dave. Secrets of breakout blogs. }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 How to save the world}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 , 4 Jun. 2003. Accessed 29 October 2004 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2003/06/04.html" }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002f00000068007400740070003a002f002f0062006c006f00670073002e00730061006c006f006e002e0063006f006d002f0030003000300032003000300037002f0032003000300033002f00300036002f00300034002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79 f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5e00000068007400740070003a002f002f0062006c006f00670073002e00730061006c006f006e002e0063006f006d002f0030003000300032003000300037002f0032003000300033002f00300036002f00300034002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2003/06/04.html}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . \par \par Powazek, Derek (2004) \'93Derek Powazek is...\'94 }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 powazek.com}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . Accessed 29 October 2004 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst { \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.powazek.com/is/" }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000001b00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0070006f00770061007a0065006b002e0063006f006d002f00690073002f000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007000 6f00770061007a0065006b002e0063006f006d002f00690073002f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 http://www.powazek.com/is/}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >}{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Sanity. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'93}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Perhaps this will.}{ \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 \'94}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Slashdot. 5 Jan. 2005. Accessed 26 April 2005 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst { \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://slashdot.org/articles/05/01/05/1537257.shtml" }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003400000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006c0061007300680064006f0074002e006f00720067002f00610072007400690063006c00650073002f00300035002f00300031002f00300035002f0031003500330037003200350037002e00730068007400 6d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6800000068007400740070003a002f002f0073006c0061007300680064006f0074002e006f00720067002f00610072007400690063006c00650073002f00300035002f00300031002f00300035002f0031003500330037003200350037002e007300680074006d006c 00000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs16\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 http://slashdot.org/articles/05/01/05/1537257.shtml}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 .}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Schiller, Herbert. }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Culture, Inc. The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression} {\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 . New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. \par \par }\pard\plain \s21\ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6438642 Shirky, Clay. \'93Power laws, weblogs and inequality.\'94 }{\i\insrsid6438642 Clay Shirky \rquote s writing about the Internet}{\insrsid6438642 , 2003. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Accessed 29 October 2004 }{\insrsid6438642 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 .}{\insrsid6438642 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri-7\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-7\lin0\itap0 \f37\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Technorati. \'93Top 100 Technorati.\'94 Accessed 15 Mar. 2005 }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 <}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 HYPERLINK "http://www.technorati.com/live/top100.html" }{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3167158 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002b00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0074006500630068006e006f0072006100740069002e0063006f006d002f006c006900760065002f0074006f0070003100300030002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa 004ba90b5600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0074006500630068006e006f0072006100740069002e0063006f006d002f006c006900760065002f0074006f0070003100300030002e00680074006d006c0000000000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt { \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 http://www.technorati.com/live/top100.html}}}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 >}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . \par \par Walker, Jill. \'93Links and power: the political economy of linking on the web.\'94 }{\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 Proceedings of Hypertext 2002}{\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6438642 . Baltimore: ACM Press, 2002. \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Watt, E.D. }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 Authority}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 . }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 London and Canberra: Croom Helm, 1982.}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par \par Wellman, Barry. \'93Structural analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.\'94 }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 Social Structures. A Network Approach. }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 Eds. Barry Wellman and S.D. Berkowitz. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. \par \par }{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 --- . (2001). }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'93}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Computer networks as social networks.}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \'94}{ \cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 }{\i\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 Science, 293}{\cf1\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid6438642 (14). 2031-2034. \par }{\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par Wasserman, Stanley and Katherine Faust. }{\i\cf1\insrsid6438642 Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications.}{\cf1\insrsid6438642 New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri333\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx9639\faauto\rin333\lin0\itap0 {\cf1\insrsid6438642 \par \par \par }}